rabindrnath thakurer jiban | Rabindranath Tagore Biography


 





rabindrnath thakur







 


















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rabindrnath thakurer jiban



Rabindranath Tagore Biography










rabindrnath thakurer jiban







rabindrnath thakur ephaaraees (7 me 1861 – 7 agast 1941; 25 boishakh 1268 – 22 shraban 1348 banggabd) chilen ogrni bangali kabi, oupnjasik, sanggitasrshta, natjkar, chitrakar, chotagalpkar, prabndhik, obhineta, kanthshilpi o darshnik। take bangla bhashar sarbshreshth sahitjik mane kara hay। rabindrnathke “gurudeb

”

, “kabiguru

”

 o “bishbakbi

”

 obhidhay bhushit kara hay। rabindrnather 52ti kabjagranth, 38ti natak, 13ti upnjas o 36ti prabandh o onjanj gadjsangkalan tar jibaddshay ba mritjur objabhit pare prakashit hay। tar sarbmot 95ti chotagalp o 1915ti gan jathakrme galpguchch o gitbitan sangkalner ontrbhukt hayeche। rabindrnather jabtiy prakashit o granthakare oprkashit rachna 32 khande rabindr rachnabli name prakashit hayeche। rabindrnather jabtiy patrsahitj unish khande chithipatr o charti prithak granthe prakashit। echara tini pray dui hajar chabi ekechilen। rabindrnather rachna bishber bibhinn bhashay onudit hayeche। 1913 sale gitanjli kabjagrnther ingreji onubader janj tini eshiyder madhje sahitje pratham nobel purskar labh karen।




 




rabindrnath thakur kalkatar ek dhanadhj o sangskritiban brahm pirali brahman paribare janmagrahan karen। baljkale 
prathagat bidjalay-shiksha
 tini grahan karenni; grihshikshak rekhe baritei tar shikshar bjabstha kara hayechil। at bachar bayse tini kabita lekha shuru karen। 1874 sale tattbbodhini patrika-e tar “obhilash” kabitati prakashit hay। etii chil tar pratham prakashit rachna। 1878 sale matr satero bachar bayse rabindrnath prathambar ingljande jan। 1883 sale mrinalini debir sangge tar bibah hay। 1890 sal theke rabindrnath purbabngger shilaidher jamidari estete basbas shuru karen। 1901 sale tini pashchimabngger shantiniketne brahmachrjashram pratishtha karen ebang sekhanei pakapakibhabe basbas shuru karen। 1902 sale tar patnibiyog hay। 1905 sale tini banggabhangg-birodhi andolne jariye paren। 1915 sale british sarkar take ‘nait’ upadhite bhushit karen। kintu 1919 sale jaliyanaoalabag hatjakander pratibade tini sei upadhi tjag karen। 1921 sale gramonnayner janj tini shriniketan name ekti sangstha pratishtha karen। 1923 sale anushthanikbhabe bishbbharti pratishthit hay। dirghjibne tini bahubar bidesh bhraman karen ebang samagr bishbe bishbbhratritber bani prachar karen। 1941 sale dirgh rogbhoger par kalkatar poitrik basabhabnei tar mritju hay।




 




rabindrnather kabjsahitjer boishishtj bhabagbhirta, gitidhrmita chitrrupamayta, odhjatmchetna, oitihjpriti, prakritiprem, manabprem, sbadeshprem, bishbprem, romjantik soundarjchetna, bhab, bhasha, chand o anggiker boichitrj, bastabchetna o pragtichetna। rabindrnather gadjbhashao kabjik। bharter dhrupdi o loukik sangskriti ebang pashchatj bigyanchetna o shilpadarshan tar rachnay gabhir prabhab bistar karechil। kathasahitj o prabndher madhjme tini samaj, rajniti o rashtrniti samprke nij matamat prakash karechilen। samajakljaner upay hisebe tini gramonnayan o gramer daridr manush ke shikshit kare tolar pakshe mataprkash karen। er pashapashi samajik bhedabhed, osprishjta, dharmiy gorami o dharmandhtar biruddheo tini tibr pratibad janiyechilen। rabindrnather darshanchetnay ishbrer mul hisebe manab sangsarkei nirdisht kara hayeche; rabindrnath debbigrher paribrte karmi orthat manush ishbrer pujar katha balechilen। sanggit o nritjke tini shikshar opriharj ongg mane karten। rabindrnather gan tar onjatam shreshth kirti। tar rachit janaganaman-odhinayak jay he o amar sonar bangla ganduti jathakrme bharat prajatantr o ganaprjatntri bangladesher jatiy sanggit। mane kara hay shrilngkar jatiy sanggit shrilngka mata rabindrnath thakurer dbara onupranit o utsahit haye lekha hayeche।




 





paribarik itihas





thakurder adi padbi kushari kusharira bhattnarayner putr din kusharir bangshjat din kushari maharaj kshitishurer nikat kush (bardhman jela) namak gram peye gramin han o kushari name khjat han rabindrjibnikar shriprbhatkumar mukhopadhjay tar rabindrjibni o rabindrsahitj-prabeshak granther pratham khande thakur paribarer bangshaprichay dite giye ullekh karechen,




 





“



kusharira halen bhattnarayner putr din kusharir bangshjat; din maharaj kshitishurer nikat kush namak gram (bardhman jila) paiya gramin han ebang kushari name khjat han din kusharir oshtam ki dasham purush pare jagnnath”






 





parabrtikale kusharira chariye pare banggdesher sarbatr – jashorer ghatbhog-damurhuda theke dhakar kaykirtan theke bakurar sonamukhi theke khulnar pithabhog pithabhoger kusharirai haye uthal sabcheye prabhabshali o obsthapann




 





jiban







pratham jiban (1861

–

1901)



shoishab o koishor (1861 – 1878)






rabindrnath thakur kalkatar jorasako thakurbarite janmagrahan karechilen। tar pita chilen brahm dharmguru debendrnath thakur (1817

–

1905) ebang mata chilen sardasundri debi (1826

–

1875)। rabindrnath chilen pitamatar chaturdash santan। jorasakor thakur paribar chil brahm adidharm matbader prabkta।




 




1875 sale matr chodd bachar bayse rabindrnather matribiyog ghate। pita debendrnath deshabhramner neshay bachrer odhikangsh samay kalkatar baire otibahit karten। tai dhanadhj paribarer santan hayeo rabindrnather chelebela ketechil bhritjder onushasne। shoishbe rabindrnath kalkatar oriyental seminari, narmjal skul, benggal ojakademi ebang sent jebhiyars kalejiyet skule kichudin kare parashona karechilen। kintu bidjalay-shikshay onagrhi haoay baritei grihshikshak rekhe tar shikshar bjabstha kara hayechil। chelebelay jorasakor barite othba bolpur o panihatir baganbarite prakritik paribesher madhje ghure berate beshi sbachchandbodh karten rabindrnath।




 




1873 sale egaro bachar bayse rabindrnather upanayan onushthit hayechil। erapar tini kayek maser janj pitar sangge deshabhramne ber han। prathme tara asen shantiniketne। erapar panjaber omritasre kichukal katiye shikhder upasna paddhti paridarshan karen। sheshe putrke niye debendrnath jan panjaberai (odhuna bharter himachal pradesh rajje obsthit) dalhousi shoilashahrer nikat bakrotay। ekhankar bakrota bangloy base rabindrnath pitar kach theke sangskrit bjakaran, ingreji, jjotirbigyan, sadharan bigyan o itihaser niymit path nite shuru karen। debendrnath take bishisht bjaktibrger jibni, kalidas rachit dhrupdi sangskrit kabj o natak ebang upnishd patheo utsahit karten। 1877 sale bharti patrikay tarun rabindrnather kayekti gurutbpurn rachna prakashit hay। eguli hal maikel madhusudner “meghnadabadh kabjer samalochna”, bhanusingh thakurer padabli ebang “bhikharini” o “karuna” name duti galp। er madhje bhanusingh thakurer padabli bisheshbhabe ullekhjogj। ei kabitaguli radha-krishn bishayak padablir onukarne “bhanusingh” bhanitay rachit। rabindrnather “bhikharini” galpti (1877) bangla sahitjer pratham chotagalp। 1878 sale prakashit hay rabindrnather pratham kabjagranth tatha pratham mudrit granth kabikahini। echara ei parbe tini rachna karechilen sandhjasanggit (1882) kabjagranthti। rabindrnather bikhjat kabita “nirjhrer sbapnabhangg” ei kabjagrnther ontargat।




 





jouban (1878-1901)





1878 sale bjaristari parar uddeshje ingljande jan rabindrnath। prathme tini braitner ekti pablik skule bharti hayechilen। 1879 sale iunibharsiti kalej landne ainbidja niye parashona shuru karen। kintu sahitjachrchar akarshne sei parashona tini samapt karte parenni। ingljande thakakalin shekaspiyar o onjanj ingrej sahitjikder rachnar sangge rabindrnather parichay ghate। ei samay tini bishesh manojog sahkare path karen rilijio medichi, koriolenas ebang ojantni ojand kliopetra। ei samay tar ingljandbaser obhigytar katha bharti patrikay patrakare pathaten rabindrnath। ukt patrikay ei lekhaguli jjeshthbhrata dbijendrnath thakurer samalochnasah prakashit hat yuropjatri kono banggiy jubker patrdhara name। 1881 sale sei patrabli yurop-prabasir patr name granthakare chapa hay। etii chil rabindrnather pratham gadjagranth tatha pratham chalit bhashay lekha granth। obsheshe 1880 sale pray der bachar ingljande katiye kono digri na niye ebang bjaristari para shuru na karei tini deshe phire asen।




 




1883 saler 9 disembar (24 ogrhayan, 1290 banggabd) thakurbarir odhastan karmchari benimadhab raychoudhurir kanja bhabtarinir sangge rabindrnather bibah sampann hay। bibahit jibne bhabtarinir namakaran hayechil mrinalini debi (1873

–

1902 )। rabindrnath o mrinalinir santan chilen pach jan: madhurilta (1886

–

1918), rathindrnath (1888

–

1961), renuka (1891

–

1903), mira (1894

–

1969) ebang shamindrnath (1896

–

1907)। eder madhje oti olp baysei renuka o shamindrnather mritju ghate।




 




1891 sal theke pitar adeshe nadiya (nadiyar ukt ongshti odhuna bangladesher kushtiya jela), pabna o rajshahi jela ebang urishjar jamidarigulir tadarki shuru karen rabindrnath। kushtiyar shilaidher kuthibarite rabindrnath dirgh samay otibahit karechilen। jamidar rabindrnath shilaidhe “padma” name ekti bilasabhul paribarik bajray chare prajabrger kache khajna aday o ashirbad prarthna karte jeten। grambasirao tar sammane bhojasbhar ayojan karat।




 




1890 sale rabindrnather opar bikhjat kabjagranth mansi prakashit hay। kuri theke trish bachar bayser madhje tar arao kayekti ullekhjogj kabjagranth o gitisangkalan prakashit hayechil। eguli halo prabhatsanggit, shoishabasnggit, rabichchaya, kari o komal itjadi। 1891 theke 1895 sal parjant nijer sampadit sadhna patrikay rabindrnather besh kichu utkrisht rachna prakashit hay। tar sahitjjibner ei parjayti tai “sadhna parjay” name parichit। rabindrnather galpguchch granther pratham churashiti galper ordhekai ei parjayer rachna। ei chotagalpgulite tini banglar gramin janjibner ek abegamay o shleshatmak chitr ekechilen।




 





madhj jiban (1901

–



1932)





1901 sale rabindrnath sapribare shilaidah chere chale asen birbhum jelar bolpur shahrer upaknthe shantiniketne। ekhane debendrnath thakur 1888 sale ekti ashram o 1891 sale ekti brahmamndir pratishtha karechilen। ashrmer amrkunj udjane ekti granthagar niye rabindrnath chalu karlen “brahmbidjalay” ba “brahmachrjashr” name ekti parikshamulak skul। 1902 saler 23 septembar matr trish bachar bayse kabiptni mrinalini debi mara jan। erapar 1903 saler 19 septembar kanja renuka, 1905 saler 19 januyari pita debendrnath thakur o 1907 saler 23 nabhembar kanishth putr shamindrnather mritju hay।




 




esber madhjei 1905 sale rabindrnath banggabhangg-birodhi sbadeshi andolner sangge jariye parechilen। 1906 sale rabindrnath tar jjeshthputr rathindrnath thakurke markin juktrashtre pathan adhunik krishi o gopalan bidja shekhar janj। 1907 sale kanishtha jamata nagendrnath ganggopadhjaykeo krishibigyan shekhar janj markin juktrashtre pathiyechilen rabindrnath।




 




ei samay shantiniketner brahmbidjalye orthsangkat tibr haye othe। pashapashi putr o jamatar bideshe parashonar bjaybharao rabindrnathke bahan karte hay। emtabsthay rabindrnath strir gayna o purir basatbariti bikri kare dite badhj han।




 




itomdhjei obashj bangla o bahirbngge rabindrnather kabikhjati chariye parechil। 1901 sale noibedj o 1906 sale kheya kabjagrnther par 1910 sale tar bikhjat kabjagranth gitanjli prakashit hay। 1913 sale gitanjli (ingreji onubad, 1912) kabjagrnther ingreji onubader janj suidish ojakademi rabindrnathke sahitje nobel purskar pradan kare। 1915 sale british sarkar take ‘sjar’ upadhi (naithud) dey। pare 1919(ing) sane tini jaliyanaoalabager nrishangs hatjakander pratibade britishapradatt naithud upadhi ghrinabhre tjag karen।




 




1921 sale shantiniketner odure surul grame markin krishi-orthnitibid lenard nait elamharst, rathindrnath thakur ebang shantiniketner arao kayekajan shikshak o chatrer sahaytay rabindrnath “pallisanggathan kendr” name ekti sangstha pratishtha karen। ei sangsthar uddeshj chil krishir unntisadhan, mjaleriya itjadi rog nibaran, sambay prathay dharmgola sthapan, chikitsar subjabstha ebang sadharan grambasider madhje sbasthjaschetanta briddhi kara। 1923 sale rabindrnath ei sangsthar nam paribartan kare rakhen “shriniketan”। shriniketan chil mahatma gandhir pratik o pratibadasarbasb sbaraj andolner ekti bikalp bjabstha। ullekhj, rabindrnath, gandhir andolner pantha-birodhi chilen। parabrtikale desh o bidesher ekadhik bisheshagy, data o onjanj padadhikarira shriniketner janj arthik o onjanj sahajj pathiyechilen।




 




1930-er dashker pratham bhage ekadhik baktrita, gan o kabitay rabindrnath bhartiy samajer barnashram pratha o osprishjtar tibr samalochna karechilen।




 





shesh jiban (1932-1941)





jibner shesh dashke (1932-1941) rabindrnather mot panchashti granth prakashit hay। tar ei samaykar kabjagranthgulir madhje bisheshbhabe ullekhjogj punashch (1932), shesh saptak (1935), shjamli o patrput (1936) – ei gadjakbita sangkalan tinti। jibner ei parbe sahitjer nana shakhay pariksha-niriksha chaliyechilen rabindrnath। tar ei pariksha-nirikshar phasal halo tar ekadhik gadjgitika o nritjnatj chitranggda (1936; chitranggda (1892) kabjnatjer nritjabhinay-upjogi rup) , shjama (1939) o chandalika (1939) nritjnatjatryi। echara rabindrnath tar shesh tinti upnjasao (dui bon (1933), malanch (1934) o char odhjay (1934)) ei parbe rachna karechilen। tar odhikangsh chabi jibner ei parbei aka। er sangge sangge jibner shesh bachargulite bigyan bishye agrhi haye uthechilen rabindrnath। 1937 sale prakashit hay tar bigyan-bishayak prabandh sangkalan bishbaprichay। ei granthe tini jjotirbigyaner adhunikatam siddhantguli saral bangla gadje lipibaddh karechilen। padarthbidja o jjotirbigyan samprke tar orjit gyaner prabhab parilkshit hay tar kabjeo। se (1937), tin sanggi (1940) o galpasalp (1941) galpsangkalan tintite tar bigyani charitr-kendrik ekadhik galp sangklit hayeche।




 




jibner ei parbe dharmiy gorami o kusangskarer biruddhe tibratam pratikriya janiyechilen rabindrnath। 1934 sale british bihar pradeshe bhumikmpe shatadhik manusher mritjuke gandhiji “ishbrer rosh” bale obhihit karle, rabindrnath gandhijir ehen baktabjke oboigyanik bale chihnit karen ebang prakashje tar samalochna karen। kalkatar sadharan manusher arthik durabstha o british bangla pradesher drut arthsamajik obakshay take bisheshbhabe bichlit kare tulechil। gadjachnde rachit ekti shat-pangktir kabitay tini ei ghatna chitrayitao karechilen।




 




jibner shesh char bachar chil tar dharabahik sharirik osusthtar samay। ei samyer madhje duibar otjant osusth obsthay shajjashayi thakte hayechil take। 1937 sale ekbar ochoitanj haye giye ashngkajanak obstha hayechil kabir। sebar sere uthleo 1940 sale osusth haoar par ar tini sere uthte parenni। ei samayaprbe rachit rabindrnather kabitaguli chil mritjuchetnake kendr kare srijit kichu obismarniy pangktimala। mritjur sat din age parjant rabindrnath srishtishil chilen। dirgh rogbhoger par 1941 sale jorasakor basabhabnei shesh nihshbas tjag karen rabindrnath thakur।




 





bishbabhraman





rabindrnath thakur mot baro bar bishbabhramne beriyechilen। 1878 theke 1932 saler madhje tini pachti mahadesher trishtirao beshi desh bhraman karen। pratham jibne dui bar (1878 o 1890 sale) tini ingljande giyechilen। 1912 sale bjaktigat chikitsar janj tritiybar ingljande giye iyetas pramukh kayekajan ingrej kabi o buddhijibider kache sadjarchit gitanjli kabjer ingreji onubad path kare shonan। kabitaguli shune tarao mugdh hayechilen। iyetas sbayang ukt kabjer ingreji onubader bhumikati likhe diyechilen। ei bhramner samyei “dinabndhu” charlas phriyar ojandrujer sangge rabindrnather parichay ghate। 1913 sale suidish ojakademi take nobel purskare sammanit kare। 1916-17 sale japan o markin juktrashtre giye rabindrnath samrajjbad o ugr jatiytabader biruddhe katakguli baktrita den। ei baktritaguli sangklit hay tar njashnalijam (1917) granthe। tabe jatiytabad samprke rabindrnather birup matamat ukt dui deshe sei sapharkale pratjakhjat hayechil। 1920-21 sal nagad abar iurop o markin juktrashtr saphre jan kabi। ei saphrer samay pashchatj deshgulite tini sangbrdhit hayechilen। 1924 sale rabindrnath jan chin saphre। erapar chin theke japane giye sekhaneo jatiytabadbirodhi baktrita den kabi। 1924 saler shesher dike peru sarkarer amantrne sedeshe jaoar pathe arjentinay osusth haye kabi bhiktoriya okampor atithje tin mas katan। sbasthjer karne peru bhraman tini sthagit kare den। pare peru o meksiko ubhay desher sarkarai bishbbhartike 1,00,000 markin dalar orthsahajj pradan karechil। 1926 sale benito musolinir amantrne itali saphre giyechilen rabindrnath। prathme musolinir atitheytay mugdh haleo, pare lokmukhe tar sboiracharer katha jante pere, musolinir kajakrmer samalochna karen kabi। er phale ubhyer madhje bandhutbpurn samprke ched pare। erapar rabindrnath gris, turask o mishar bhraman kare bharte phire asen।




 




1927 sale sunitikumar chattopadhjayasah char sanggike niye rabindrnath giyechilen dakshin-purb eshiya saphre। ei samay tini bhraman karen bali, jabha, kuyalalampur, malakka, penang, siyam o singgapur। 1930 sale kabi sheshbar ingljande jan oksphorde hibart baktrita deoar janj। erapar tini bhraman karen phrans, jarmani, suijarljand, sobhiyet rashiya o markin juktrashtr। 1932 sale irak o parasj bhramne giyechilen kabi। erapar 1934 sale singhle jan rabindrnath। etii chil tar sarbshesh bidesh saphar।




 




rabindrnath jesakal baite tar bidesh bhramner obhigytaguli lipibaddh kare rakhen seguli hal: yurop-prabasir patr (1881), yurop-jatrir dayari (1891, 1893), japan-jatri (1919), jatri (pashchim-jatrir dayari o jabha-jatrir patr, 1929), rashiyar chithi (1931), parsje (1936) o pather sanchay (1939)। bjapak bishbabhramner phale rabindrnath tar samsamyik ori bergas, albart ainstain, rabart phrast, tamas man, jarj barnard sh, eich ji oelas, romja rola pramukh bishisht bjaktibrger sangge sakshater sujog peyechilen। jibner ekebare sheshaprbe parasj, irak o singhal bhramner samay manusher parasprik bhedabhed o jatiytabad samprke tar bitrishna arao tibr hayechil matr। onjdike bishbaprikrmar phale bharter baire nijer rachnake parichit kare tolar ebang bahirbishber sangge rajnoitik matbinimyer sujogao peyechilen tini।




 





srishtikarm





rabindrnath thakur chilen mulat ek kabi। matr at bachar bayse tini kabjarachna shuru karen। tar prakashit moulik kabjagrnther sangkhja 52। tabe bangali samaje tar janpriyta pradhanat sanggitasrshta hisebe। rabindrnath pray dui hajar gan likhechilen। kabita o gan charao tini 13ti upnjas, 95ti chotagalp, 36ti prabandh o gadjagranth ebang 38ti natak rachna karechilen। rabindrnather samagr rachna rabindr rachnabli name 32 khande prakashit hayeche। echara tar samgrik chithipatr unish khande prakashit hayeche। tar prabrtit nritjshoili “rabindrnritj” name parichit।




rabindrnath thakur pratham jibne chilen biharilal chakrabrtir (1835-1894) onusari kabi। tar kabi-kahini, banphul o bhagnhriday kabj tintite biharilaler prabhab suspasht। sandhjasanggit kabjagranth theke rabindrnath nijer baktabj prakash karte shuru karen। ei parber sandhja sanggit, prabhatsanggit, chabi o gan o kari o komal kabjagrnther mul bishayabstu chil manab hridyer bishannta, anand, martjpriti o manabprem। 1890 sale prakashit mansi ebang tar par prakashit sonar tari (1894), chitra (1896), choitali (1896), kalpna (1900) o kshanika (1900) kabjagrnthe phute utheche rabindrnather prem o soundarj samprkit romjantik bhabna। 1901 sale brahmachrjashram pratishthar par rabindrnather kabitay adhjatmik chintar pradhanj lakshit hay। ei chinta dhara pareche noibedj (1901), kheya (1906), gitanjli (1910), gitimalj (1914) o gitali (1914) kabjagrnthe। 1915 sale pratham bishbjuddher suchna ghatle balaka (1916) kabje rabindrnather kabitay adhjatmik chintar paribrte abar martjjiban samprke agrah phute othe। palatka (1918) kabje galp-kabitar akare tini narijibner samsamyik samsjaguli tule dharen। purbi (1925) o mahuya (1929) kabjagrnthe rabindrnath abar premke upjibj karen। erapar punashch (1932), shesh saptak (1935), patrput (1936) o shjamli (1936) name charti gadjkabj prakashit hay। jibner shesh dashke kabitar anggik o bishayabstu niye kayekti natun parikshaniriksha chaliyechilen rabindrnath। ei samaykar rogashjjay (1940), arogj (1941), janmdine (1941) o shesh lekha (1941, marnottar prakashit) kabje mritju o martjpritike ekti natun anggike parisphut karechilen tini। shesh kabita “tomar srishtir path” mritjur at din age moukhikbhabe rachna karechilen rabindrnath।




 




rabindrnather kabitay madhjjugiy boishnab padabli, upnishd, kabirer dohabli, lalner baul gan o ramaprsad sener shakt padabli sahitjer prabhab lakshit hay। tabe prachin sahitjer duruhtar paribrte tini ek sahaj o saras kabjarachnar anggik grahan karechilen। abar 1930-er dashke kichu parikshamulak lekhalekhir madhjme bangla sahitje adhunikta o bastabtabodher prathmik abirbhab prasngge nij pratikriyao bjakt karechilen kabi। bahirbishbe tar sarbapeksha suprichit kabjagranthti hal gitanjli। e baitir janjai tini sahitje nobel purskar labh karechilen। nobel phaundeshan tar ei kabjagranthtike barnna karechil ekti “gabhirbhabe sangbedanshil, ujjbal o sundar kabjagranth” rupe।




 





chotagalp





rabindrnath thakur chilen bangla sahitjer pratham sarthak chotagalpkar। mulat hitbadi, sadhna, bharti, sabuj patr prabhriti masik patrikagulir chahida metate tini tar chotagalpguli rachna karechilen। ei galpgulir uchch sahitjmulj-sampann। rabindrnather jibner “sadhna” parbti (1891

–

95) chil sarbapeksha srishtishil parjay। tar galpguchch galpsangkalner pratham tin khander churashiti galper ordhekai rachit hay ei samaykaler madhje। galpguchch sangkalner onj galpgulir onekgulii rachit hayechil rabindrjibner sabuj patr parbe (1914

–

17; pramath choudhuri sampadit patrikar namanusare) tar ullekhjogj kayekti galp hal “kangkal”, “nishithe”, “manihara”, “kshudhit pashan”, “strir patr”, “nashtnir”, “kabulioala”, “hoimnti”, “denapaona”, “musalmanir galp” itjadi। shesh jibne rabindrnath lipika, se o tinasnggi galpagrnthe natun anggike galparachna karechilen।




 




rabindrnath tar galpe pariparshbik ghatnabli ba adhunik dhjandharna samprke matamat prakash karten। kakhanao tini manstattbik dbandber bouddhik bishleshankei galpe beshi pradhanj diten।




 




rabindrnather ekadhik chotagalp obalambne chalchchitr, natak o telibhishan onushthan nirmit hayeche। tar galper kayekti ullekhjogj chalchchitrayan hal satjjit ray parichalit tin kanja (“manihara”, “postmastar” o “samapti” obalambne) o charulta (“nashtnir” obalambne), tapan singh parichalit otithi, kabulioala o kshudhit pashan, purnendu patri parichalit strir patr itjadi।




 





upnjas





rabindrnath thakur mot teroti upnjas rachna karechilen। eguli hal: bou-thakuranir hat (1883), rajrshi (1887), chokher bali (1903), noukadubi (1906), prajaptir nirbandh (1908), gora (1910), ghare baire (1916), chaturangg (1916), jogajog (1929), shesher kabita (1929), dui bon (1933), malanch (1934) o char odhjay (1934)। bou-thakuranir hat o rajrshi oitihasik upnjas। eduti rabindrnather pratham upnjas rachnar pracheshta। erapar theke chotaglper mato tar upnjasgulio masikaptrer chahida onujayi nabaprjay banggadarshan, prabasi, sabuj patr, bichitra prabhriti patrikay dharabahikbhabe prakashit hay।




 




chokher bali upnjase dekhano hayeche samsamyikkale bidhbader jibner nana samsja। noukadubi upnjasti abar lekha hayeche jatil paribarik samsjagulike kendr kare। gora rabindrnather shreshth upnjas। ei upnjase dekhano hayeche unbingsh shatabdir sheshardher hindu o brahmasmajer sangghat o bharter tadanintan samajik o rajnoitik samsjaguli। ghare baire upnjaser bishayabstu 1905 saler banggabhangg-birodhi andolner prekshapte nari o purusher samprker jatilta। sbami-strir samprker jatilta arao sukshmbhabe uthe eseche tar parabrti jogajog upnjaseo। chaturangg upnjasti rabindrnather “chotagalpadhrmi upnjas

”

। strir osusthtar sujoge sbamir onj striloker prati askti – ei bishaytike upjibj kare rabindrnath dui bon o malanch upnjasduti lekhen। er madhje pratham upnjasti milnantak o dbitiyti biyogantak। rabindrnather shesh upnjas char odhjay samsamyik biplbi andolner prekshapte ekti biyogantak premer upnjas।




 




rabindrnath thakurer upnjas obalambne kayekti chalchchitr nirmit hayeche। egulir madhje ullekhjogj satjjit rayer ghare baire o rituparn ghosher chokher bali।




 





prabandh o patrsahitj





rabindrnath thakur bangla o ingreji bhashay osangkhj prabandh rachna karechilen। eisab prabndhe tini samaj, rashtrniti, dharm, sahitjatattb, itihas, bhashatattb, chand, sanggit itjadi nana bishye nijasb matamat prakash karen। rabindrnather samajchintamulak prabandhguli samaj (1908) sangkalne sangklit hayeche। rabindrnather bibhinn samye lekha rajniti-sangkrant prabandhguli sangklit hayeche kalantar (1937) sangkalne। rabindrnather dharmbhabna o adhjatmik obhibhashanguli sangklit hayeche dharm (1909) o shantiniketan (1909-16) obhibhashanmalay। rabindrnather itihas-sangkrant prabandhguli sthan peyeche bharatabarsh (1906), itihas (1955) itjadi granthe। sahitj (1907), sahitjer pathe (1936) o sahitjer sbarup (1943) granthe rabindrnath sahitjatattb alochna karechen। rabindrnath dhrupdi bhartiy sahitj o adhunik sahitjer samalochna karechen jathakrme prachin sahitj (1907) o adhunik sahitj (1907) granthdutite। loksahitj (1907) prabandhmalay tini alochna karechen bangla loksahitjer prakriti। bhashatattb niye rabindrnather chintabhabna lipibaddh rayeche shabdatattb (1909), bangla bhasha parichay (1938) itjadi granthe। chand o sanggit niye tini alochna karechen jathakrme chand (1936) o sanggitchinta (1966) granthe। bishbbhartir pratishthata rabindrnath tar shiksha-sangkrant bhabnachintar katha prakash karechen shiksha (1908) prabandhmalay। njashnalijam (ingreji: Nationalism, 1917) granthe rabindrnath ugr jatiytabader bishleshan kare tar birodhita karechen। oksphord bishbbidjalye tini darshan bishye je bikhjat baktritaguli diyechilen seguli rilijiyan oph mjan (ingreji: Religion of Man, 1930; bangla onubad manusher dharm, 1933) name sangklit hay। dbitiy bishbjuddher prekshapte lekha janmdiner obhibhashan sabhjtar sangkat (1941) tar sarbshesh prabandhagranth। jjotirbigyan bishye rabindrnath bishbaprichay (1937) name ekti tathjmulak prabandhagranth rachna karechilen। jibansmriti (1912), chelebela (1940) o atmaprichay (1943) tar atmakthamulak granth।




 




rabindrnather samgrik patrsahitj aj parjant unishti khande prakashit hayeche। echara chinnapatr o chinnaptrabli (bhratushputri indira debi choudhuranike lekha), bhanusingher patrabli (ranu odhikarike (mukhopadhjay) lekha) o pathe o pather prante (nirmalkumari mahlanbishke lekha) bai tinti rabindrnather tinti ullekhjogj patrsangkalan।




 





natjsahitj





rabindrnath thakur ekadhare chilen natjkar o natjabhineta। jorasako thakurbarir paribarik natjamnche matr sholo bachar bayse ograj jjotirindrnath thakur rachit hathat nabab natke (maliyer la burjoa jatirom obalambne rachit) o pare jjotirindrnatherai olikbabu natke nambhumikay obhinay karechilen rabindrnath। 1881 sale tar pratham gitinatj balmikiprtibha manchasth hay।[154][156] ei natke tini rishi balmikir bhumikay obhinay karechilen। 1882 sale rabindrnath ramayner upakhjan obalambne kalmrigya name arao ekti gitinatj rachna karechilen। ei natak manchayner samay tini ondhmunir bhumikay obhinay karechilen।




 




gitinatj rachnar par rabindrnath kayekti kabjnatj rachna karen। shekaspiyriy panchangk ritite rachit tar raja o rani (1889) o bisarjan (1890) bahubar sadharan ranggamnche obhinit hay ebang tini nije ei natakgulite obhinayao karen। 1889 sale raja o rani natke bikramdeber bhumikay obhinay karen rabindrnath। bisarjan natakti duti bhinn samye manchayit karechilen tini। 1890 saler manchayner samay jubak rabindrnath briddh raghuptir bhumikay ebang 1923 saler manchayner samay briddh rabindrnath jubak jaysingher bhumikay obhinay karechilen। kabjnatj parbe rabindrnather arao duti ullekhjogj natak hal chitranggda (1892) o malini (1896)।




 




kabjnatjer par rabindrnath prahasan rachnay manonibesh karen। ei parbe prakashit hay goray galad (1892), boikunther khata (1897), hasjkoutuk (1907) o bjanggkoutuk (1907)। boikunther khata natke rabindrnath kedarer bhumikay obhinay karechilen। 1926 sale tini prajaptir nirbandh upnjastikeo chirkumar sabha name ekti prahasanmulak natker rup den।




 




1908 sal theke rabindrnath rupak-sangketik tattbadhrmi natjarachna shuru karen। itipurbe prakritir pratishodh (1884) natke tini kichuta rupak-sangketik anggik bjabhar karechilen। kintu 1908 saler par theke eker par ek natak tini ei anggike likhte shuru karen। ei natakguli hal: shardotasab (1908), raja (1910), dakaghar (1912), ochlayatan (1912), phalguni (1916), muktdhara (1922), raktakarbi (1926), taser desh (1933), kaler jatra (1932) itjadi। ei samay rabindrnath pradhanat shantiniketne manch toiri kare chatrchatrider niye obhinyer dal gare manchasth karten। kakhanao kakhanao kalkatay giyeo chatrchatrider niye natak manchasth karten tini। ei sab natkeo ekadhik charitre obhinay karen rabindrnath। tar madhje ullekhjogj: 1911 sale shardotasab natke sannjasi ebang raja natke raja o thakurdadar jugm bhumikay obhinay; 1914 sale ochlayatan natke odinpunjer bhumikay obhinay; 1915 sale phalguni natke ondh bauler bhumikay obhinay; 1917 sale dakaghar natke thakurda, prahri o bauler bhumikay obhinay। natjarachnar pashapashi ei parbe chatrchatrider obhinyer prayojne rabindrnath puron natakguli sangkshipt sangskaran kare natun name prakash karen। shardotasab natakti hay rinshodh (1921), raja hay oruparatan (1920), ochlayatan hay guru (1918), goray galad hay shesharksha (1928), raja o rani hay tapti (1929) ebang prayshchitt hay paritran (1929)।




 




1926 sale natir puja natke obhinyer sangge sangge nach o ganer prayog ghatiyechilen rabindrnath। ei dharatii tar jibner shesh parbe “nritjnatj

”

 name purn bikash labh kare। natir puja nritjnatjer par rabindrnath eke eke rachna karen shapmochan (1931), taser desh (1933), nritjnatj chitranggda (1936), nritjnatj chandalika (1938) o shjama (1939)। egulio shantiniketner chatrchatrirai pratham manchasth karechilen।




 





sanggit o nritjakla





rabindrnath thakur 1915ti gan rachna karechilen।[10] dhrupdi bhartiy sanggit, bangla loksanggit o iuropiy sanggiter dhara tintike atmasth kare tini ekti sbakiy surshoilir janm den।[163] rabindrnath tar bahu kabitake gane rupantrit karechilen। rabindr-bisheshagy sukumar sen rabindrsanggit rachnar itihase charti parb nirdesh karechen। pratham parbe tini jjotirindrnath thakurer srisht giter onusarne gan rachna shuru karechilen। dbitiy parjaye (1884-1900) palligiti o kirtner onusarne rabindrnath nijasb sure gan rachna shuru karen। ei parber rabindrsanggite unbingsh shatabdir bishisht sanggitasrshta madhukan, ramnidhi gupt, shridhar kathak pramukher prabhabao suspasht। ei samay thekei tini sbarchit kabitay sur diye gan rachnao shuru karechilen। 1900 sale shantiniketne basbas shuru karar par theke rabindrsanggit rachnar tritiy parber suchna ghate। ei samay rabindrnath baul ganer sur o bhab tar nijer ganer onggibhut karen। pratham bishbjuddher par rabindrnather gan rachnar chaturth parber suchna hay। kabir ei samaykar ganer boishishtj chil natun natun thater prayog ebang bichitr o duruh sursrishti। tar rachit sakal gan sangklit hayeche gitbitan granthe। ei granther “puja”, “prem”, “prakriti”, “sbadesh”, “anushthanik” o “bichitr” parjaye mot der hajar gan sangklit hay। pare gitinatj, nritjnatj, natak, kabjagranth o onjanj sangkalan granth theke bahu gan ei baite sangklit hayechil। iuropiy operar adrshe balmiki-pratibha, kalmrigya gitinatj ebang chitranggda, chandalika, o shjama sampurn ganer akare lekha।




 




rabindrnather samay banglar shikshit paribare nritjer charcha nishiddh chil। kintu rabindrnath bishbbhartir pathakrme sanggit o chitraklar sangge sangge nritjkeo ontrbhukt karen। bharter bibhinn pradesher loknritj o dhrupdi nritjshoiligulir sangmishrne tini ek natun shoilir prabartan karen। ei shoiliti “rabindrnritj” name parichit। rabindrnather gitinatj o nritjnatjgulite ganer pashapashi nachao opriharj। bishisht nritjshilpi uday shangkar je adhunik bhartiy nritjdharar prabartan karechilen, tar pichneo rabindrnather prerna chil।




 





chitrakla





rabindrnath thakur niymit chabi aka shuru karen pray sattar bachar bayse। chitrangkne kono prathagat shiksha tar chil na। prathamdike tini lekhar hijibiji katakutigulike ekti chehara deoar cheshta karten। ei pracheshta thekei tar chabi akar sutrpat ghate। 1928 theke 1939 kalapridhite ongkit tar skech o chabir sangkhja arai hajarer opar, jar 1574ti shantiniketner rabindrabhabne sangrkshit ache। dakshin phranser shilpider utsahe 1926 khrishtabde tar pratham chitr pradarshni hay pjariser pigal art gjalarite। erapar samagr iuropei kabir ekadhik chitr pradarshnir ayojan kara hay। chabite rang o rekhar sahajje rabindrnath sangketer bjabhar karten। rabindrnath prachj chitraklar punrutthane agrhi haleo, tar nijer chabite adhunik bimurtadhrmitai beshi prasphutit hayeche। mulat kali-kalme aka skech, jalrang o deshaj ranger bjabhar kare tini chabi akten। tar chabite dekha jay manusher mukher skech, onirney pranir adal, nisargdrishj, phul, pakhi itjadi। tini nijer pratikritio ekechen। nandantattbik o barn parikalpnar dik theke tar chitrakla besh odbhut dharnerai bale mane hay। tabe tini ekadhik ongkanshoili rapt karechilen। tanmdhje, kayekti shoili hal- niu ayarljander hastshilp, kanadar (british kalmbiya pradesh) pashchim upkuler “haida” khodaishilp o mjaks pekstainer kathkhodai shilp।




 





rajnoitik matadarsh o shikshachinta





rabindrnath thakurer rajnoitik darshan otjant jatil। tini samrajjbader birodhita o bhartiy jatiytabadider samarthan karten। 1890 sale prakashit mansi kabjagrnther kayekti kabitay rabindrnather pratham jibner rajnoitik o samajik chintabhabnar parichay paoa jay। hindu-jarman sharajantr mamlar tathjaprman ebang parabrtikale prakashit tathj theke jana jay, rabindrnath gadar sharajntrer katha shudhu jantenai na, barang ukt sharajntre japani pradhanamntri terauchi masataki o praktan primiyar okuma shigenobur sahajjao prarthna karechilen। abar 1925 sale prakashit ekti prabndhe sbadeshi andolanke “charka-sangskriti” bale bidrup kare rabindrnath kathor bhashay tar birodhita karen। british samrajjbad tar chokhe chil “amader samajik samsjagulir rajnoitik upasarg”। tai bikalp bjabstha hisebe brihattar jansadharner sbanirbharta o bouddhik unntir upar odhik gurutb arop karen tini। bharatbasike ondh biplber pantha tjag kare drirh o pragtishil shikshar panthatike grahan karar ahban janan rabindrnath।




 




rabindrnather ei dharner matadarsh onekkei bikshubdh kare tole। 1916 saler shesh dike sanphransiskoy ekti hotele obsthankale ekadal charamapnthi biplbi rabindrnathke hatjar sharajantr karechil। kintu nijeder madhje matbirodh upsthit haoay tader parikalpna bjarth hayechil। bharter sbadhinta andolne rabindrnather gan o kabitar bhumika onsbikarj। 1919 sale jaliyanaoalabag hatjakander pratibade tini naithud barjan karen। naithud pratjakhjan-patre lard chemasphordke rabindrnath likhechilen, “amar ei pratibad amar atngkit deshbasir mounajantrnar obhibjkti।” rabindrnather “chitt jetha bhayshunj” o “ekla chalo re” rajnoitik rachna hisebe bjapak janpriyta labh kare। “ekla chalo re” ganti gandhijir bishesh priy chil। jadio mahatma gandhir sangge rabindrnather sampark chil omlamdhur। hindu nimnabrniy janj prithak nirbachan bjabsthake kendr kare gandhiji o ambedakrer je matbirodher sutrpat hay, ta nirasneo rabindrnath bishesh bhumika grahan karechilen। phale gandhijio tar onashan karmsuchi pratjahar kare niyechilen।




 




rabindrnath tar “tota-kahini” galpe bidjalyer mukhasth-sarbasb shikshake prati tibrbhabe akraman karen। ei galpe rabindrnath dekhiyechilen, desher chatrasmajke khachabaddh pakhitir mato shukno bidja giliye kibhabe tader bouddhik mritjur pathe thele deoa hachche। 1917 saler 11 oktobar kjaliphorniyar santa barbara bhramner samay rabindrnath shiksha samprke prathabiruddh chintabhabna shuru karen। shantiniketan ashramke desh o bhugoler gandir baire ber kare bharat o bishbke eksutre bedhe ekti bishb shikshakendr sthapner parikalpnao ei samyei grahan karechilen kabi। 1918 saler 22 oktobar bishbbharti namangkit tar ei bidjalyer shilanjas kara hayechil। erapar 1922 saler 22 disembar udbodhan hayechil ei bidjalyer। bishbbhartite kabi sanatan bhartiy shikshabjabsthar brahmacharj o guruprthar punarprabartan karechilen। ei bidjalyer janj orthsanggrah karte kathor parishram karechilen tini। nobel purskarer orthmulj hisebe prapt sampurn orth tini dhele diyechilen ei bidjalyer parichalan khate। nijeo shantiniketner odhjaksh o shikshak hisebeo otjant bjast thakten tini। sakale chatrder klas niten ebang bikel o sandhjay tader janj pathjpustak rachna karten। 1919 sal theke 1921 saler madhje bidjalyer janj orth sanggrah karte tini ekadhikbar iurop o amerika bhraman karen।




 




prabhab




bingsh shatabdir bangali sangskritite rabindrnath thakurer prabhab otjant bjapak। nobelajyi orthnitibid tatha darshnik omartj sen rabindrnathke ek “himalayaprtim bjaktitb” o “gabhirbhabe prasnggik o bahumatrik samsamyik darshnik” hisebe barnna karechen। batrish khande prakashit rabindr rachnabli bangla sahitjer ekti bishesh sampad hisebe parignit hay। rabindrnathke “bharter sarbkaler sarbshreshth kabi” hisebeo barnna kara haye thake। rabindrnath thakurer janmbarshiki “pachishe boishakh” o prayanbarshiki “baishe shraban” ajao bangali samaje gabhir shraddhar sangge palit haye thake। ei upalkshe jorasako thakurbari, shantiniketan ashram o shilaidah kuthibarite prachur janasmagam hay। shantiniketner bishbbharti bishbbidjalye rabindrnath-prabrtit dharmiy o rituutasabgulir madhjmeo take shraddha nibedner riti okshunn ache। echarao bibhinn utasbe o onushthane rabindrsanggit gaoa ba rabindrarachna pather reoajao dirghdin dhare chale asche। eguli charao kabir sammane arao katakguli bishesh o obhinab onushthan palan kara hay। jeman juktrashtrer ilinay rajjer arbanate ayojit barshik “rabindr utasab”, kalkata-shantiniketan tirth-padjatra “rabindr pathaprikrma” itjadi।




 




jibaddshatei iurop, uttar amerika o purb eshiyay prabhut janpriyta orjan karechilen rabindrnath। ingljande dartingtan hal skul name ekti pragtishil sahshikshamulak pratishthan sthapne mukhj bhumika grahan karechilen tini। onej japani sahitjikke tini prabhabit karte saksham hayechilen। eder madhje iyasunari kaoabatar nam bisheshbhabe ullekhjogj। rabindrnather granthabli onudit hay ingreji, olndaj, jarman, spjanish sah bishber bibhinn bhashay। chek bharatatattbbid bhinsens lensi sah ekadhik iuropiy bhashay tar granth onubad karen। pharasi nobelajyi sahitjik andre jid, rashiyan kabi ana akhmatobha, praktan turki pradhanamntri bulent ekebhit, markin oupnjasik jona geil sah onekei onuprerna labh karen rabindrnather rachna theke। 1916-17 sale juktrashtre deoa tar bhashanguli bishesh janpriyta o prashangsa pay। tabe kayekti bitarkke kendr kare 1920-er dashker sheshdike japan o uttar amerikay tar janpriyta hras pay। kalakrme banglar baire rabindrnath “pray ostmit” haye parechilen।




 




chiliyan sahitjik pablo neruda o gjabriyela mistral, meksikan lekhak oktabhio paj o spjanish lekhak hose ortega oai gjaset, thenobiya kamprubi aimar, o huyan ramon himeneth pramukh spjanish-bhashi sahitjikderao onubader sutre onupranit karechilen rabindrnath। 1914 theke 1922 saler madhje himeneth-kamprubi dampti rabindrnather baishti bai ingreji theke spjanishe onubad karechilen। dj kresent mun (shishu bholanath) sah rabindrnather besh kichu rachnar bistarit parjalochna o spjanish sangskaran prakashao karechilen tara। ullekhj, ei samyei himeneth “nagn kabita” (spjanish: «poesía desnuda») name ek bishesh sahitjshoilir udbhaban ghatan।




 




rabindrnather mul bangla kabita parenni eman bahu pashchatj sahitjik o sahitj samalochak rabindrnather gurutb osbikarao karechilen। graham grin sandigdhchitte mantabj karechilen, “iyetas saheb chara ar keui rabindrnather lekhake gurutber sangge grahan karen na।” rabindrnather sammaner kichu purno latin amerikan khandangsh samprti abishkrit hayeche। nikaraguya bhramner samay salman rushdi ei jatiy kichu udaharan dekhe obak han।




 




 





Rabindranath Tagore Biography










Transliteration in English





 

rabindrnath thakur

 

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rabindrnath thakurer jibanRabindranath Tagore Biography
rabindrnath thakurer jiban
rabindrnath thakur ephaaraees (7 me 1861 – 7 agast 1941; 25 boishakh 1268 – 22 shraban 1348 banggabd) chilen ogrni bangali kabi, oupnjasik, sanggitasrshta, natjkar, chitrakar, chotagalpkar, prabndhik, obhineta, kanthshilpi o darshnik। take bangla bhashar sarbshreshth sahitjik mane kara hay। rabindrnathke “gurudeb”, “kabiguru” o “bishbakbi” obhidhay bhushit kara hay। rabindrnather 52ti kabjagranth, 38ti natak, 13ti upnjas o 36ti prabandh o onjanj gadjsangkalan tar jibaddshay ba mritjur objabhit pare prakashit hay। tar sarbmot 95ti chotagalp o 1915ti gan jathakrme galpguchch o gitbitan sangkalner ontrbhukt hayeche। rabindrnather jabtiy prakashit o granthakare oprkashit rachna 32 khande rabindr rachnabli name prakashit hayeche। rabindrnather jabtiy patrsahitj unish khande chithipatr o charti prithak granthe prakashit। echara tini pray dui hajar chabi ekechilen। rabindrnather rachna bishber bibhinn bhashay onudit hayeche। 1913 sale gitanjli kabjagrnther ingreji onubader janj tini eshiyder madhje sahitje pratham nobel purskar labh karen।

 

rabindrnath thakur kalkatar ek dhanadhj o sangskritiban brahm pirali brahman paribare janmagrahan karen। baljkale prathagat bidjalay-shiksha tini grahan karenni; grihshikshak rekhe baritei tar shikshar bjabstha kara hayechil। at bachar bayse tini kabita lekha shuru karen। 1874 sale tattbbodhini patrika-e tar “obhilash” kabitati prakashit hay। etii chil tar pratham prakashit rachna। 1878 sale matr satero bachar bayse rabindrnath prathambar ingljande jan। 1883 sale mrinalini debir sangge tar bibah hay। 1890 sal theke rabindrnath purbabngger shilaidher jamidari estete basbas shuru karen। 1901 sale tini pashchimabngger shantiniketne brahmachrjashram pratishtha karen ebang sekhanei pakapakibhabe basbas shuru karen। 1902 sale tar patnibiyog hay। 1905 sale tini banggabhangg-birodhi andolne jariye paren। 1915 sale british sarkar take ‘nait’ upadhite bhushit karen। kintu 1919 sale jaliyanaoalabag hatjakander pratibade tini sei upadhi tjag karen। 1921 sale gramonnayner janj tini shriniketan name ekti sangstha pratishtha karen। 1923 sale anushthanikbhabe bishbbharti pratishthit hay। dirghjibne tini bahubar bidesh bhraman karen ebang samagr bishbe bishbbhratritber bani prachar karen। 1941 sale dirgh rogbhoger par kalkatar poitrik basabhabnei tar mritju hay।

 

rabindrnather kabjsahitjer boishishtj bhabagbhirta, gitidhrmita chitrrupamayta, odhjatmchetna, oitihjpriti, prakritiprem, manabprem, sbadeshprem, bishbprem, romjantik soundarjchetna, bhab, bhasha, chand o anggiker boichitrj, bastabchetna o pragtichetna। rabindrnather gadjbhashao kabjik। bharter dhrupdi o loukik sangskriti ebang pashchatj bigyanchetna o shilpadarshan tar rachnay gabhir prabhab bistar karechil। kathasahitj o prabndher madhjme tini samaj, rajniti o rashtrniti samprke nij matamat prakash karechilen। samajakljaner upay hisebe tini gramonnayan o gramer daridr manush ke shikshit kare tolar pakshe mataprkash karen। er pashapashi samajik bhedabhed, osprishjta, dharmiy gorami o dharmandhtar biruddheo tini tibr pratibad janiyechilen। rabindrnather darshanchetnay ishbrer mul hisebe manab sangsarkei nirdisht kara hayeche; rabindrnath debbigrher paribrte karmi orthat manush ishbrer pujar katha balechilen। sanggit o nritjke tini shikshar opriharj ongg mane karten। rabindrnather gan tar onjatam shreshth kirti। tar rachit janaganaman-odhinayak jay he o amar sonar bangla ganduti jathakrme bharat prajatantr o ganaprjatntri bangladesher jatiy sanggit। mane kara hay shrilngkar jatiy sanggit shrilngka mata rabindrnath thakurer dbara onupranit o utsahit haye lekha hayeche।

 

paribarik itihas

thakurder adi padbi kushari kusharira bhattnarayner putr din kusharir bangshjata din kushari maharaj kshitishurer nikat kush (bardhman jela) namak gram peye gramin han o kushari name khjat hana rabindrjibnikar shriprbhatkumar mukhopadhjay tar rabindrjibni o rabindrsahitj-prabeshak granther pratham khande thakur paribarer bangshaprichay dite giye ullekh karechen,

 

“kusharira halen bhattnarayner putr din kusharir bangshjat; din maharaj kshitishurer nikat kush namak gram (bardhman jila) paiya gramin han ebang kushari name khjat hana din kusharir oshtam ki dasham purush pare jagnnatha”

 

parabrtikale kusharira chariye pare banggdesher sarbatr – jashorer ghatbhog-damurhuda theke dhakar kaykirtan theke bakurar sonamukhi theke khulnar pithabhoga pithabhoger kusharirai haye uthal sabcheye prabhabshali o obsthapanna

 

jiban

pratham jiban (1861–1901)

shoishab o koishor (1861 – 1878)
rabindrnath thakur kalkatar jorasako thakurbarite janmagrahan karechilen। tar pita chilen brahm dharmguru debendrnath thakur (1817–1905) ebang mata chilen sardasundri debi (1826–1875)। rabindrnath chilen pitamatar chaturdash santan। jorasakor thakur paribar chil brahm adidharm matbader prabkta।

 

1875 sale matr chodd bachar bayse rabindrnather matribiyog ghate। pita debendrnath deshabhramner neshay bachrer odhikangsh samay kalkatar baire otibahit karten। tai dhanadhj paribarer santan hayeo rabindrnather chelebela ketechil bhritjder onushasne। shoishbe rabindrnath kalkatar oriyental seminari, narmjal skul, benggal ojakademi ebang sent jebhiyars kalejiyet skule kichudin kare parashona karechilen। kintu bidjalay-shikshay onagrhi haoay baritei grihshikshak rekhe tar shikshar bjabstha kara hayechil। chelebelay jorasakor barite othba bolpur o panihatir baganbarite prakritik paribesher madhje ghure berate beshi sbachchandbodh karten rabindrnath।

 

1873 sale egaro bachar bayse rabindrnather upanayan onushthit hayechil। erapar tini kayek maser janj pitar sangge deshabhramne ber han। prathme tara asen shantiniketne। erapar panjaber omritasre kichukal katiye shikhder upasna paddhti paridarshan karen। sheshe putrke niye debendrnath jan panjaberai (odhuna bharter himachal pradesh rajje obsthit) dalhousi shoilashahrer nikat bakrotay। ekhankar bakrota bangloy base rabindrnath pitar kach theke sangskrit bjakaran, ingreji, jjotirbigyan, sadharan bigyan o itihaser niymit path nite shuru karen। debendrnath take bishisht bjaktibrger jibni, kalidas rachit dhrupdi sangskrit kabj o natak ebang upnishd patheo utsahit karten। 1877 sale bharti patrikay tarun rabindrnather kayekti gurutbpurn rachna prakashit hay। eguli hal maikel madhusudner “meghnadabadh kabjer samalochna”, bhanusingh thakurer padabli ebang “bhikharini” o “karuna” name duti galp। er madhje bhanusingh thakurer padabli bisheshbhabe ullekhjogj। ei kabitaguli radha-krishn bishayak padablir onukarne “bhanusingh” bhanitay rachit। rabindrnather “bhikharini” galpti (1877) bangla sahitjer pratham chotagalp। 1878 sale prakashit hay rabindrnather pratham kabjagranth tatha pratham mudrit granth kabikahini। echara ei parbe tini rachna karechilen sandhjasanggit (1882) kabjagranthti। rabindrnather bikhjat kabita “nirjhrer sbapnabhangg” ei kabjagrnther ontargat।

 

jouban (1878-1901)

1878 sale bjaristari parar uddeshje ingljande jan rabindrnath। prathme tini braitner ekti pablik skule bharti hayechilen। 1879 sale iunibharsiti kalej landne ainbidja niye parashona shuru karen। kintu sahitjachrchar akarshne sei parashona tini samapt karte parenni। ingljande thakakalin shekaspiyar o onjanj ingrej sahitjikder rachnar sangge rabindrnather parichay ghate। ei samay tini bishesh manojog sahkare path karen rilijio medichi, koriolenas ebang ojantni ojand kliopetra। ei samay tar ingljandbaser obhigytar katha bharti patrikay patrakare pathaten rabindrnath। ukt patrikay ei lekhaguli jjeshthbhrata dbijendrnath thakurer samalochnasah prakashit hat yuropjatri kono banggiy jubker patrdhara name। 1881 sale sei patrabli yurop-prabasir patr name granthakare chapa hay। etii chil rabindrnather pratham gadjagranth tatha pratham chalit bhashay lekha granth। obsheshe 1880 sale pray der bachar ingljande katiye kono digri na niye ebang bjaristari para shuru na karei tini deshe phire asen।

 

1883 saler 9 disembar (24 ogrhayan, 1290 banggabd) thakurbarir odhastan karmchari benimadhab raychoudhurir kanja bhabtarinir sangge rabindrnather bibah sampann hay। bibahit jibne bhabtarinir namakaran hayechil mrinalini debi (1873–1902 )। rabindrnath o mrinalinir santan chilen pach jan: madhurilta (1886–1918), rathindrnath (1888–1961), renuka (1891–1903), mira (1894–1969) ebang shamindrnath (1896–1907)। eder madhje oti olp baysei renuka o shamindrnather mritju ghate।

 

1891 sal theke pitar adeshe nadiya (nadiyar ukt ongshti odhuna bangladesher kushtiya jela), pabna o rajshahi jela ebang urishjar jamidarigulir tadarki shuru karen rabindrnath। kushtiyar shilaidher kuthibarite rabindrnath dirgh samay otibahit karechilen। jamidar rabindrnath shilaidhe “padma” name ekti bilasabhul paribarik bajray chare prajabrger kache khajna aday o ashirbad prarthna karte jeten। grambasirao tar sammane bhojasbhar ayojan karat।

 

1890 sale rabindrnather opar bikhjat kabjagranth mansi prakashit hay। kuri theke trish bachar bayser madhje tar arao kayekti ullekhjogj kabjagranth o gitisangkalan prakashit hayechil। eguli halo prabhatsanggit, shoishabasnggit, rabichchaya, kari o komal itjadi। 1891 theke 1895 sal parjant nijer sampadit sadhna patrikay rabindrnather besh kichu utkrisht rachna prakashit hay। tar sahitjjibner ei parjayti tai “sadhna parjay” name parichit। rabindrnather galpguchch granther pratham churashiti galper ordhekai ei parjayer rachna। ei chotagalpgulite tini banglar gramin janjibner ek abegamay o shleshatmak chitr ekechilen।

 

madhj jiban (1901–1932)

1901 sale rabindrnath sapribare shilaidah chere chale asen birbhum jelar bolpur shahrer upaknthe shantiniketne। ekhane debendrnath thakur 1888 sale ekti ashram o 1891 sale ekti brahmamndir pratishtha karechilen। ashrmer amrkunj udjane ekti granthagar niye rabindrnath chalu karlen “brahmbidjalay” ba “brahmachrjashr” name ekti parikshamulak skul। 1902 saler 23 septembar matr trish bachar bayse kabiptni mrinalini debi mara jan। erapar 1903 saler 19 septembar kanja renuka, 1905 saler 19 januyari pita debendrnath thakur o 1907 saler 23 nabhembar kanishth putr shamindrnather mritju hay।

 

esber madhjei 1905 sale rabindrnath banggabhangg-birodhi sbadeshi andolner sangge jariye parechilen। 1906 sale rabindrnath tar jjeshthputr rathindrnath thakurke markin juktrashtre pathan adhunik krishi o gopalan bidja shekhar janj। 1907 sale kanishtha jamata nagendrnath ganggopadhjaykeo krishibigyan shekhar janj markin juktrashtre pathiyechilen rabindrnath।

 

ei samay shantiniketner brahmbidjalye orthsangkat tibr haye othe। pashapashi putr o jamatar bideshe parashonar bjaybharao rabindrnathke bahan karte hay। emtabsthay rabindrnath strir gayna o purir basatbariti bikri kare dite badhj han।

 

itomdhjei obashj bangla o bahirbngge rabindrnather kabikhjati chariye parechil। 1901 sale noibedj o 1906 sale kheya kabjagrnther par 1910 sale tar bikhjat kabjagranth gitanjli prakashit hay। 1913 sale gitanjli (ingreji onubad, 1912) kabjagrnther ingreji onubader janj suidish ojakademi rabindrnathke sahitje nobel purskar pradan kare। 1915 sale british sarkar take ‘sjar’ upadhi (naithud) dey। pare 1919(ing) sane tini jaliyanaoalabager nrishangs hatjakander pratibade britishapradatt naithud upadhi ghrinabhre tjag karen।

 

1921 sale shantiniketner odure surul grame markin krishi-orthnitibid lenard nait elamharst, rathindrnath thakur ebang shantiniketner arao kayekajan shikshak o chatrer sahaytay rabindrnath “pallisanggathan kendr” name ekti sangstha pratishtha karen। ei sangsthar uddeshj chil krishir unntisadhan, mjaleriya itjadi rog nibaran, sambay prathay dharmgola sthapan, chikitsar subjabstha ebang sadharan grambasider madhje sbasthjaschetanta briddhi kara। 1923 sale rabindrnath ei sangsthar nam paribartan kare rakhen “shriniketan”। shriniketan chil mahatma gandhir pratik o pratibadasarbasb sbaraj andolner ekti bikalp bjabstha। ullekhj, rabindrnath, gandhir andolner pantha-birodhi chilen। parabrtikale desh o bidesher ekadhik bisheshagy, data o onjanj padadhikarira shriniketner janj arthik o onjanj sahajj pathiyechilen।

 

1930-er dashker pratham bhage ekadhik baktrita, gan o kabitay rabindrnath bhartiy samajer barnashram pratha o osprishjtar tibr samalochna karechilen।

 

shesh jiban (1932-1941)

jibner shesh dashke (1932-1941) rabindrnather mot panchashti granth prakashit hay। tar ei samaykar kabjagranthgulir madhje bisheshbhabe ullekhjogj punashch (1932), shesh saptak (1935), shjamli o patrput (1936) – ei gadjakbita sangkalan tinti। jibner ei parbe sahitjer nana shakhay pariksha-niriksha chaliyechilen rabindrnath। tar ei pariksha-nirikshar phasal halo tar ekadhik gadjgitika o nritjnatj chitranggda (1936; chitranggda (1892) kabjnatjer nritjabhinay-upjogi rup) , shjama (1939) o chandalika (1939) nritjnatjatryi। echara rabindrnath tar shesh tinti upnjasao (dui bon (1933), malanch (1934) o char odhjay (1934)) ei parbe rachna karechilen। tar odhikangsh chabi jibner ei parbei aka। er sangge sangge jibner shesh bachargulite bigyan bishye agrhi haye uthechilen rabindrnath। 1937 sale prakashit hay tar bigyan-bishayak prabandh sangkalan bishbaprichay। ei granthe tini jjotirbigyaner adhunikatam siddhantguli saral bangla gadje lipibaddh karechilen। padarthbidja o jjotirbigyan samprke tar orjit gyaner prabhab parilkshit hay tar kabjeo। se (1937), tin sanggi (1940) o galpasalp (1941) galpsangkalan tintite tar bigyani charitr-kendrik ekadhik galp sangklit hayeche।

 

jibner ei parbe dharmiy gorami o kusangskarer biruddhe tibratam pratikriya janiyechilen rabindrnath। 1934 sale british bihar pradeshe bhumikmpe shatadhik manusher mritjuke gandhiji “ishbrer rosh” bale obhihit karle, rabindrnath gandhijir ehen baktabjke oboigyanik bale chihnit karen ebang prakashje tar samalochna karen। kalkatar sadharan manusher arthik durabstha o british bangla pradesher drut arthsamajik obakshay take bisheshbhabe bichlit kare tulechil। gadjachnde rachit ekti shat-pangktir kabitay tini ei ghatna chitrayitao karechilen।

 

jibner shesh char bachar chil tar dharabahik sharirik osusthtar samay। ei samyer madhje duibar otjant osusth obsthay shajjashayi thakte hayechil take। 1937 sale ekbar ochoitanj haye giye ashngkajanak obstha hayechil kabir। sebar sere uthleo 1940 sale osusth haoar par ar tini sere uthte parenni। ei samayaprbe rachit rabindrnather kabitaguli chil mritjuchetnake kendr kare srijit kichu obismarniy pangktimala। mritjur sat din age parjant rabindrnath srishtishil chilen। dirgh rogbhoger par 1941 sale jorasakor basabhabnei shesh nihshbas tjag karen rabindrnath thakur।

 

bishbabhraman

rabindrnath thakur mot baro bar bishbabhramne beriyechilen। 1878 theke 1932 saler madhje tini pachti mahadesher trishtirao beshi desh bhraman karen। pratham jibne dui bar (1878 o 1890 sale) tini ingljande giyechilen। 1912 sale bjaktigat chikitsar janj tritiybar ingljande giye iyetas pramukh kayekajan ingrej kabi o buddhijibider kache sadjarchit gitanjli kabjer ingreji onubad path kare shonan। kabitaguli shune tarao mugdh hayechilen। iyetas sbayang ukt kabjer ingreji onubader bhumikati likhe diyechilen। ei bhramner samyei “dinabndhu” charlas phriyar ojandrujer sangge rabindrnather parichay ghate। 1913 sale suidish ojakademi take nobel purskare sammanit kare। 1916-17 sale japan o markin juktrashtre giye rabindrnath samrajjbad o ugr jatiytabader biruddhe katakguli baktrita den। ei baktritaguli sangklit hay tar njashnalijam (1917) granthe। tabe jatiytabad samprke rabindrnather birup matamat ukt dui deshe sei sapharkale pratjakhjat hayechil। 1920-21 sal nagad abar iurop o markin juktrashtr saphre jan kabi। ei saphrer samay pashchatj deshgulite tini sangbrdhit hayechilen। 1924 sale rabindrnath jan chin saphre। erapar chin theke japane giye sekhaneo jatiytabadbirodhi baktrita den kabi। 1924 saler shesher dike peru sarkarer amantrne sedeshe jaoar pathe arjentinay osusth haye kabi bhiktoriya okampor atithje tin mas katan। sbasthjer karne peru bhraman tini sthagit kare den। pare peru o meksiko ubhay desher sarkarai bishbbhartike 1,00,000 markin dalar orthsahajj pradan karechil। 1926 sale benito musolinir amantrne itali saphre giyechilen rabindrnath। prathme musolinir atitheytay mugdh haleo, pare lokmukhe tar sboiracharer katha jante pere, musolinir kajakrmer samalochna karen kabi। er phale ubhyer madhje bandhutbpurn samprke ched pare। erapar rabindrnath gris, turask o mishar bhraman kare bharte phire asen।

 

1927 sale sunitikumar chattopadhjayasah char sanggike niye rabindrnath giyechilen dakshin-purb eshiya saphre। ei samay tini bhraman karen bali, jabha, kuyalalampur, malakka, penang, siyam o singgapur। 1930 sale kabi sheshbar ingljande jan oksphorde hibart baktrita deoar janj। erapar tini bhraman karen phrans, jarmani, suijarljand, sobhiyet rashiya o markin juktrashtr। 1932 sale irak o parasj bhramne giyechilen kabi। erapar 1934 sale singhle jan rabindrnath। etii chil tar sarbshesh bidesh saphar।

 

rabindrnath jesakal baite tar bidesh bhramner obhigytaguli lipibaddh kare rakhen seguli hal: yurop-prabasir patr (1881), yurop-jatrir dayari (1891, 1893), japan-jatri (1919), jatri (pashchim-jatrir dayari o jabha-jatrir patr, 1929), rashiyar chithi (1931), parsje (1936) o pather sanchay (1939)। bjapak bishbabhramner phale rabindrnath tar samsamyik ori bergas, albart ainstain, rabart phrast, tamas man, jarj barnard sh, eich ji oelas, romja rola pramukh bishisht bjaktibrger sangge sakshater sujog peyechilen। jibner ekebare sheshaprbe parasj, irak o singhal bhramner samay manusher parasprik bhedabhed o jatiytabad samprke tar bitrishna arao tibr hayechil matr। onjdike bishbaprikrmar phale bharter baire nijer rachnake parichit kare tolar ebang bahirbishber sangge rajnoitik matbinimyer sujogao peyechilen tini।

 

srishtikarm

rabindrnath thakur chilen mulat ek kabi। matr at bachar bayse tini kabjarachna shuru karen। tar prakashit moulik kabjagrnther sangkhja 52। tabe bangali samaje tar janpriyta pradhanat sanggitasrshta hisebe। rabindrnath pray dui hajar gan likhechilen। kabita o gan charao tini 13ti upnjas, 95ti chotagalp, 36ti prabandh o gadjagranth ebang 38ti natak rachna karechilen। rabindrnather samagr rachna rabindr rachnabli name 32 khande prakashit hayeche। echara tar samgrik chithipatr unish khande prakashit hayeche। tar prabrtit nritjshoili “rabindrnritj” name parichit।

rabindrnath thakur pratham jibne chilen biharilal chakrabrtir (1835-1894) onusari kabi। tar kabi-kahini, banphul o bhagnhriday kabj tintite biharilaler prabhab suspasht। sandhjasanggit kabjagranth theke rabindrnath nijer baktabj prakash karte shuru karen। ei parber sandhja sanggit, prabhatsanggit, chabi o gan o kari o komal kabjagrnther mul bishayabstu chil manab hridyer bishannta, anand, martjpriti o manabprem। 1890 sale prakashit mansi ebang tar par prakashit sonar tari (1894), chitra (1896), choitali (1896), kalpna (1900) o kshanika (1900) kabjagrnthe phute utheche rabindrnather prem o soundarj samprkit romjantik bhabna। 1901 sale brahmachrjashram pratishthar par rabindrnather kabitay adhjatmik chintar pradhanj lakshit hay। ei chinta dhara pareche noibedj (1901), kheya (1906), gitanjli (1910), gitimalj (1914) o gitali (1914) kabjagrnthe। 1915 sale pratham bishbjuddher suchna ghatle balaka (1916) kabje rabindrnather kabitay adhjatmik chintar paribrte abar martjjiban samprke agrah phute othe। palatka (1918) kabje galp-kabitar akare tini narijibner samsamyik samsjaguli tule dharen। purbi (1925) o mahuya (1929) kabjagrnthe rabindrnath abar premke upjibj karen। erapar punashch (1932), shesh saptak (1935), patrput (1936) o shjamli (1936) name charti gadjkabj prakashit hay। jibner shesh dashke kabitar anggik o bishayabstu niye kayekti natun parikshaniriksha chaliyechilen rabindrnath। ei samaykar rogashjjay (1940), arogj (1941), janmdine (1941) o shesh lekha (1941, marnottar prakashit) kabje mritju o martjpritike ekti natun anggike parisphut karechilen tini। shesh kabita “tomar srishtir path” mritjur at din age moukhikbhabe rachna karechilen rabindrnath।

 

rabindrnather kabitay madhjjugiy boishnab padabli, upnishd, kabirer dohabli, lalner baul gan o ramaprsad sener shakt padabli sahitjer prabhab lakshit hay। tabe prachin sahitjer duruhtar paribrte tini ek sahaj o saras kabjarachnar anggik grahan karechilen। abar 1930-er dashke kichu parikshamulak lekhalekhir madhjme bangla sahitje adhunikta o bastabtabodher prathmik abirbhab prasngge nij pratikriyao bjakt karechilen kabi। bahirbishbe tar sarbapeksha suprichit kabjagranthti hal gitanjli। e baitir janjai tini sahitje nobel purskar labh karechilen। nobel phaundeshan tar ei kabjagranthtike barnna karechil ekti “gabhirbhabe sangbedanshil, ujjbal o sundar kabjagranth” rupe।

 

chotagalp

rabindrnath thakur chilen bangla sahitjer pratham sarthak chotagalpkar। mulat hitbadi, sadhna, bharti, sabuj patr prabhriti masik patrikagulir chahida metate tini tar chotagalpguli rachna karechilen। ei galpgulir uchch sahitjmulj-sampann। rabindrnather jibner “sadhna” parbti (1891–95) chil sarbapeksha srishtishil parjay। tar galpguchch galpsangkalner pratham tin khander churashiti galper ordhekai rachit hay ei samaykaler madhje। galpguchch sangkalner onj galpgulir onekgulii rachit hayechil rabindrjibner sabuj patr parbe (1914–17; pramath choudhuri sampadit patrikar namanusare) tar ullekhjogj kayekti galp hal “kangkal”, “nishithe”, “manihara”, “kshudhit pashan”, “strir patr”, “nashtnir”, “kabulioala”, “hoimnti”, “denapaona”, “musalmanir galp” itjadi। shesh jibne rabindrnath lipika, se o tinasnggi galpagrnthe natun anggike galparachna karechilen।

 

rabindrnath tar galpe pariparshbik ghatnabli ba adhunik dhjandharna samprke matamat prakash karten। kakhanao tini manstattbik dbandber bouddhik bishleshankei galpe beshi pradhanj diten।

 

rabindrnather ekadhik chotagalp obalambne chalchchitr, natak o telibhishan onushthan nirmit hayeche। tar galper kayekti ullekhjogj chalchchitrayan hal satjjit ray parichalit tin kanja (“manihara”, “postmastar” o “samapti” obalambne) o charulta (“nashtnir” obalambne), tapan singh parichalit otithi, kabulioala o kshudhit pashan, purnendu patri parichalit strir patr itjadi।

 

upnjas

rabindrnath thakur mot teroti upnjas rachna karechilen। eguli hal: bou-thakuranir hat (1883), rajrshi (1887), chokher bali (1903), noukadubi (1906), prajaptir nirbandh (1908), gora (1910), ghare baire (1916), chaturangg (1916), jogajog (1929), shesher kabita (1929), dui bon (1933), malanch (1934) o char odhjay (1934)। bou-thakuranir hat o rajrshi oitihasik upnjas। eduti rabindrnather pratham upnjas rachnar pracheshta। erapar theke chotaglper mato tar upnjasgulio masikaptrer chahida onujayi nabaprjay banggadarshan, prabasi, sabuj patr, bichitra prabhriti patrikay dharabahikbhabe prakashit hay।

 

chokher bali upnjase dekhano hayeche samsamyikkale bidhbader jibner nana samsja। noukadubi upnjasti abar lekha hayeche jatil paribarik samsjagulike kendr kare। gora rabindrnather shreshth upnjas। ei upnjase dekhano hayeche unbingsh shatabdir sheshardher hindu o brahmasmajer sangghat o bharter tadanintan samajik o rajnoitik samsjaguli। ghare baire upnjaser bishayabstu 1905 saler banggabhangg-birodhi andolner prekshapte nari o purusher samprker jatilta। sbami-strir samprker jatilta arao sukshmbhabe uthe eseche tar parabrti jogajog upnjaseo। chaturangg upnjasti rabindrnather “chotagalpadhrmi upnjas”। strir osusthtar sujoge sbamir onj striloker prati askti – ei bishaytike upjibj kare rabindrnath dui bon o malanch upnjasduti lekhen। er madhje pratham upnjasti milnantak o dbitiyti biyogantak। rabindrnather shesh upnjas char odhjay samsamyik biplbi andolner prekshapte ekti biyogantak premer upnjas।

 

rabindrnath thakurer upnjas obalambne kayekti chalchchitr nirmit hayeche। egulir madhje ullekhjogj satjjit rayer ghare baire o rituparn ghosher chokher bali।

 

prabandh o patrsahitj

rabindrnath thakur bangla o ingreji bhashay osangkhj prabandh rachna karechilen। eisab prabndhe tini samaj, rashtrniti, dharm, sahitjatattb, itihas, bhashatattb, chand, sanggit itjadi nana bishye nijasb matamat prakash karen। rabindrnather samajchintamulak prabandhguli samaj (1908) sangkalne sangklit hayeche। rabindrnather bibhinn samye lekha rajniti-sangkrant prabandhguli sangklit hayeche kalantar (1937) sangkalne। rabindrnather dharmbhabna o adhjatmik obhibhashanguli sangklit hayeche dharm (1909) o shantiniketan (1909-16) obhibhashanmalay। rabindrnather itihas-sangkrant prabandhguli sthan peyeche bharatabarsh (1906), itihas (1955) itjadi granthe। sahitj (1907), sahitjer pathe (1936) o sahitjer sbarup (1943) granthe rabindrnath sahitjatattb alochna karechen। rabindrnath dhrupdi bhartiy sahitj o adhunik sahitjer samalochna karechen jathakrme prachin sahitj (1907) o adhunik sahitj (1907) granthdutite। loksahitj (1907) prabandhmalay tini alochna karechen bangla loksahitjer prakriti। bhashatattb niye rabindrnather chintabhabna lipibaddh rayeche shabdatattb (1909), bangla bhasha parichay (1938) itjadi granthe। chand o sanggit niye tini alochna karechen jathakrme chand (1936) o sanggitchinta (1966) granthe। bishbbhartir pratishthata rabindrnath tar shiksha-sangkrant bhabnachintar katha prakash karechen shiksha (1908) prabandhmalay। njashnalijam (ingreji: Nationalism, 1917) granthe rabindrnath ugr jatiytabader bishleshan kare tar birodhita karechen। oksphord bishbbidjalye tini darshan bishye je bikhjat baktritaguli diyechilen seguli rilijiyan oph mjan (ingreji: Religion of Man, 1930; bangla onubad manusher dharm, 1933) name sangklit hay। dbitiy bishbjuddher prekshapte lekha janmdiner obhibhashan sabhjtar sangkat (1941) tar sarbshesh prabandhagranth। jjotirbigyan bishye rabindrnath bishbaprichay (1937) name ekti tathjmulak prabandhagranth rachna karechilen। jibansmriti (1912), chelebela (1940) o atmaprichay (1943) tar atmakthamulak granth।

 

rabindrnather samgrik patrsahitj aj parjant unishti khande prakashit hayeche। echara chinnapatr o chinnaptrabli (bhratushputri indira debi choudhuranike lekha), bhanusingher patrabli (ranu odhikarike (mukhopadhjay) lekha) o pathe o pather prante (nirmalkumari mahlanbishke lekha) bai tinti rabindrnather tinti ullekhjogj patrsangkalan।

 

natjsahitj

rabindrnath thakur ekadhare chilen natjkar o natjabhineta। jorasako thakurbarir paribarik natjamnche matr sholo bachar bayse ograj jjotirindrnath thakur rachit hathat nabab natke (maliyer la burjoa jatirom obalambne rachit) o pare jjotirindrnatherai olikbabu natke nambhumikay obhinay karechilen rabindrnath। 1881 sale tar pratham gitinatj balmikiprtibha manchasth hay।[154][156] ei natke tini rishi balmikir bhumikay obhinay karechilen। 1882 sale rabindrnath ramayner upakhjan obalambne kalmrigya name arao ekti gitinatj rachna karechilen। ei natak manchayner samay tini ondhmunir bhumikay obhinay karechilen।

 

gitinatj rachnar par rabindrnath kayekti kabjnatj rachna karen। shekaspiyriy panchangk ritite rachit tar raja o rani (1889) o bisarjan (1890) bahubar sadharan ranggamnche obhinit hay ebang tini nije ei natakgulite obhinayao karen। 1889 sale raja o rani natke bikramdeber bhumikay obhinay karen rabindrnath। bisarjan natakti duti bhinn samye manchayit karechilen tini। 1890 saler manchayner samay jubak rabindrnath briddh raghuptir bhumikay ebang 1923 saler manchayner samay briddh rabindrnath jubak jaysingher bhumikay obhinay karechilen। kabjnatj parbe rabindrnather arao duti ullekhjogj natak hal chitranggda (1892) o malini (1896)।

 

kabjnatjer par rabindrnath prahasan rachnay manonibesh karen। ei parbe prakashit hay goray galad (1892), boikunther khata (1897), hasjkoutuk (1907) o bjanggkoutuk (1907)। boikunther khata natke rabindrnath kedarer bhumikay obhinay karechilen। 1926 sale tini prajaptir nirbandh upnjastikeo chirkumar sabha name ekti prahasanmulak natker rup den।

 

1908 sal theke rabindrnath rupak-sangketik tattbadhrmi natjarachna shuru karen। itipurbe prakritir pratishodh (1884) natke tini kichuta rupak-sangketik anggik bjabhar karechilen। kintu 1908 saler par theke eker par ek natak tini ei anggike likhte shuru karen। ei natakguli hal: shardotsab (1908), raja (1910), dakaghar (1912), ochlayatan (1912), phalguni (1916), muktdhara (1922), raktakarbi (1926), taser desh (1933), kaler jatra (1932) itjadi। ei samay rabindrnath pradhanat shantiniketne manch toiri kare chatrchatrider niye obhinyer dal gare manchasth karten। kakhanao kakhanao kalkatay giyeo chatrchatrider niye natak manchasth karten tini। ei sab natkeo ekadhik charitre obhinay karen rabindrnath। tar madhje ullekhjogj: 1911 sale shardotsab natke sannjasi ebang raja natke raja o thakurdadar jugm bhumikay obhinay; 1914 sale ochlayatan natke odinpunjer bhumikay obhinay; 1915 sale phalguni natke ondh bauler bhumikay obhinay; 1917 sale dakaghar natke thakurda, prahri o bauler bhumikay obhinay। natjarachnar pashapashi ei parbe chatrchatrider obhinyer prayojne rabindrnath puron natakguli sangkshipt sangskaran kare natun name prakash karen। shardotsab natakti hay rinshodh (1921), raja hay oruparatan (1920), ochlayatan hay guru (1918), goray galad hay shesharksha (1928), raja o rani hay tapti (1929) ebang prayshchitt hay paritran (1929)।

 

1926 sale natir puja natke obhinyer sangge sangge nach o ganer prayog ghatiyechilen rabindrnath। ei dharatii tar jibner shesh parbe “nritjnatj” name purn bikash labh kare। natir puja nritjnatjer par rabindrnath eke eke rachna karen shapmochan (1931), taser desh (1933), nritjnatj chitranggda (1936), nritjnatj chandalika (1938) o shjama (1939)। egulio shantiniketner chatrchatrirai pratham manchasth karechilen।

 

sanggit o nritjakla

rabindrnath thakur 1915ti gan rachna karechilen।[10] dhrupdi bhartiy sanggit, bangla loksanggit o iuropiy sanggiter dhara tintike atmasth kare tini ekti sbakiy surshoilir janm den।[163] rabindrnath tar bahu kabitake gane rupantrit karechilen। rabindr-bisheshagy sukumar sen rabindrsanggit rachnar itihase charti parb nirdesh karechen। pratham parbe tini jjotirindrnath thakurer srisht giter onusarne gan rachna shuru karechilen। dbitiy parjaye (1884-1900) palligiti o kirtner onusarne rabindrnath nijasb sure gan rachna shuru karen। ei parber rabindrsanggite unbingsh shatabdir bishisht sanggitasrshta madhukan, ramnidhi gupt, shridhar kathak pramukher prabhabao suspasht। ei samay thekei tini sbarchit kabitay sur diye gan rachnao shuru karechilen। 1900 sale shantiniketne basbas shuru karar par theke rabindrsanggit rachnar tritiy parber suchna ghate। ei samay rabindrnath baul ganer sur o bhab tar nijer ganer onggibhut karen। pratham bishbjuddher par rabindrnather gan rachnar chaturth parber suchna hay। kabir ei samaykar ganer boishishtj chil natun natun thater prayog ebang bichitr o duruh sursrishti। tar rachit sakal gan sangklit hayeche gitbitan granthe। ei granther “puja”, “prem”, “prakriti”, “sbadesh”, “anushthanik” o “bichitr” parjaye mot der hajar gan sangklit hay। pare gitinatj, nritjnatj, natak, kabjagranth o onjanj sangkalan granth theke bahu gan ei baite sangklit hayechil। iuropiy operar adrshe balmiki-pratibha, kalmrigya gitinatj ebang chitranggda, chandalika, o shjama sampurn ganer akare lekha।

 

rabindrnather samay banglar shikshit paribare nritjer charcha nishiddh chil। kintu rabindrnath bishbbhartir pathakrme sanggit o chitraklar sangge sangge nritjkeo ontrbhukt karen। bharter bibhinn pradesher loknritj o dhrupdi nritjshoiligulir sangmishrne tini ek natun shoilir prabartan karen। ei shoiliti “rabindrnritj” name parichit। rabindrnather gitinatj o nritjnatjgulite ganer pashapashi nachao opriharj। bishisht nritjshilpi uday shangkar je adhunik bhartiy nritjdharar prabartan karechilen, tar pichneo rabindrnather prerna chil।

 

chitrakla

rabindrnath thakur niymit chabi aka shuru karen pray sattar bachar bayse। chitrangkne kono prathagat shiksha tar chil na। prathamdike tini lekhar hijibiji katakutigulike ekti chehara deoar cheshta karten। ei pracheshta thekei tar chabi akar sutrpat ghate। 1928 theke 1939 kalapridhite ongkit tar skech o chabir sangkhja arai hajarer opar, jar 1574ti shantiniketner rabindrabhabne sangrkshit ache। dakshin phranser shilpider utsahe 1926 khrishtabde tar pratham chitr pradarshni hay pjariser pigal art gjalarite। erapar samagr iuropei kabir ekadhik chitr pradarshnir ayojan kara hay। chabite rang o rekhar sahajje rabindrnath sangketer bjabhar karten। rabindrnath prachj chitraklar punrutthane agrhi haleo, tar nijer chabite adhunik bimurtadhrmitai beshi prasphutit hayeche। mulat kali-kalme aka skech, jalrang o deshaj ranger bjabhar kare tini chabi akten। tar chabite dekha jay manusher mukher skech, onirney pranir adal, nisargdrishj, phul, pakhi itjadi। tini nijer pratikritio ekechen। nandantattbik o barn parikalpnar dik theke tar chitrakla besh odbhut dharnerai bale mane hay। tabe tini ekadhik ongkanshoili rapt karechilen। tanmdhje, kayekti shoili hal- niu ayarljander hastshilp, kanadar (british kalmbiya pradesh) pashchim upkuler “haida” khodaishilp o mjaks pekstainer kathkhodai shilp।

 

rajnoitik matadarsh o shikshachinta

rabindrnath thakurer rajnoitik darshan otjant jatil। tini samrajjbader birodhita o bhartiy jatiytabadider samarthan karten। 1890 sale prakashit mansi kabjagrnther kayekti kabitay rabindrnather pratham jibner rajnoitik o samajik chintabhabnar parichay paoa jay। hindu-jarman sharajantr mamlar tathjaprman ebang parabrtikale prakashit tathj theke jana jay, rabindrnath gadar sharajntrer katha shudhu jantenai na, barang ukt sharajntre japani pradhanamntri terauchi masataki o praktan primiyar okuma shigenobur sahajjao prarthna karechilen। abar 1925 sale prakashit ekti prabndhe sbadeshi andolanke “charka-sangskriti” bale bidrup kare rabindrnath kathor bhashay tar birodhita karen। british samrajjbad tar chokhe chil “amader samajik samsjagulir rajnoitik upasarg”। tai bikalp bjabstha hisebe brihattar jansadharner sbanirbharta o bouddhik unntir upar odhik gurutb arop karen tini। bharatbasike ondh biplber pantha tjag kare drirh o pragtishil shikshar panthatike grahan karar ahban janan rabindrnath।

 

rabindrnather ei dharner matadarsh onekkei bikshubdh kare tole। 1916 saler shesh dike sanphransiskoy ekti hotele obsthankale ekadal charamapnthi biplbi rabindrnathke hatjar sharajantr karechil। kintu nijeder madhje matbirodh upsthit haoay tader parikalpna bjarth hayechil। bharter sbadhinta andolne rabindrnather gan o kabitar bhumika onsbikarj। 1919 sale jaliyanaoalabag hatjakander pratibade tini naithud barjan karen। naithud pratjakhjan-patre lard chemasphordke rabindrnath likhechilen, “amar ei pratibad amar atngkit deshbasir mounajantrnar obhibjkti।” rabindrnather “chitt jetha bhayshunj” o “ekla chalo re” rajnoitik rachna hisebe bjapak janpriyta labh kare। “ekla chalo re” ganti gandhijir bishesh priy chil। jadio mahatma gandhir sangge rabindrnather sampark chil omlamdhur। hindu nimnabrniy janj prithak nirbachan bjabsthake kendr kare gandhiji o ambedakrer je matbirodher sutrpat hay, ta nirasneo rabindrnath bishesh bhumika grahan karechilen। phale gandhijio tar onashan karmsuchi pratjahar kare niyechilen।

 

rabindrnath tar “tota-kahini” galpe bidjalyer mukhasth-sarbasb shikshake prati tibrbhabe akraman karen। ei galpe rabindrnath dekhiyechilen, desher chatrasmajke khachabaddh pakhitir mato shukno bidja giliye kibhabe tader bouddhik mritjur pathe thele deoa hachche। 1917 saler 11 oktobar kjaliphorniyar santa barbara bhramner samay rabindrnath shiksha samprke prathabiruddh chintabhabna shuru karen। shantiniketan ashramke desh o bhugoler gandir baire ber kare bharat o bishbke eksutre bedhe ekti bishb shikshakendr sthapner parikalpnao ei samyei grahan karechilen kabi। 1918 saler 22 oktobar bishbbharti namangkit tar ei bidjalyer shilanjas kara hayechil। erapar 1922 saler 22 disembar udbodhan hayechil ei bidjalyer। bishbbhartite kabi sanatan bhartiy shikshabjabsthar brahmacharj o guruprthar punarprabartan karechilen। ei bidjalyer janj orthsanggrah karte kathor parishram karechilen tini। nobel purskarer orthmulj hisebe prapt sampurn orth tini dhele diyechilen ei bidjalyer parichalan khate। nijeo shantiniketner odhjaksh o shikshak hisebeo otjant bjast thakten tini। sakale chatrder klas niten ebang bikel o sandhjay tader janj pathjpustak rachna karten। 1919 sal theke 1921 saler madhje bidjalyer janj orth sanggrah karte tini ekadhikbar iurop o amerika bhraman karen।

 

prabhab

bingsh shatabdir bangali sangskritite rabindrnath thakurer prabhab otjant bjapak। nobelajyi orthnitibid tatha darshnik omartj sen rabindrnathke ek “himalayaprtim bjaktitb” o “gabhirbhabe prasnggik o bahumatrik samsamyik darshnik” hisebe barnna karechen। batrish khande prakashit rabindr rachnabli bangla sahitjer ekti bishesh sampad hisebe parignit hay। rabindrnathke “bharter sarbkaler sarbshreshth kabi” hisebeo barnna kara haye thake। rabindrnath thakurer janmbarshiki “pachishe boishakh” o prayanbarshiki “baishe shraban” ajao bangali samaje gabhir shraddhar sangge palit haye thake। ei upalkshe jorasako thakurbari, shantiniketan ashram o shilaidah kuthibarite prachur janasmagam hay। shantiniketner bishbbharti bishbbidjalye rabindrnath-prabrtit dharmiy o rituutsabgulir madhjmeo take shraddha nibedner riti okshunn ache। echarao bibhinn utsbe o onushthane rabindrsanggit gaoa ba rabindrarachna pather reoajao dirghdin dhare chale asche। eguli charao kabir sammane arao katakguli bishesh o obhinab onushthan palan kara hay। jeman juktrashtrer ilinay rajjer arbanate ayojit barshik “rabindr utsab”, kalkata-shantiniketan tirth-padjatra “rabindr pathaprikrma” itjadi।

 

jibaddshatei iurop, uttar amerika o purb eshiyay prabhut janpriyta orjan karechilen rabindrnath। ingljande dartingtan hal skul name ekti pragtishil sahshikshamulak pratishthan sthapne mukhj bhumika grahan karechilen tini। onej japani sahitjikke tini prabhabit karte saksham hayechilen। eder madhje iyasunari kaoabatar nam bisheshbhabe ullekhjogj। rabindrnather granthabli onudit hay ingreji, olndaj, jarman, spjanish sah bishber bibhinn bhashay। chek bharatatattbbid bhinsens lensi sah ekadhik iuropiy bhashay tar granth onubad karen। pharasi nobelajyi sahitjik andre jid, rashiyan kabi ana akhmatobha, praktan turki pradhanamntri bulent ekebhit, markin oupnjasik jona geil sah onekei onuprerna labh karen rabindrnather rachna theke। 1916-17 sale juktrashtre deoa tar bhashanguli bishesh janpriyta o prashangsa pay। tabe kayekti bitarkke kendr kare 1920-er dashker sheshdike japan o uttar amerikay tar janpriyta hras pay। kalakrme banglar baire rabindrnath “pray ostmit” haye parechilen।

 

chiliyan sahitjik pablo neruda o gjabriyela mistral, meksikan lekhak oktabhio paj o spjanish lekhak hose ortega oai gjaset, thenobiya kamprubi aimar, o huyan ramon himeneth pramukh spjanish-bhashi sahitjikderao onubader sutre onupranit karechilen rabindrnath। 1914 theke 1922 saler madhje himeneth-kamprubi dampti rabindrnather baishti bai ingreji theke spjanishe onubad karechilen। dj kresent mun (shishu bholanath) sah rabindrnather besh kichu rachnar bistarit parjalochna o spjanish sangskaran prakashao karechilen tara। ullekhj, ei samyei himeneth “nagn kabita” (spjanish: «poesía desnuda») name ek bishesh sahitjshoilir udbhaban ghatan।

 

rabindrnather mul bangla kabita parenni eman bahu pashchatj sahitjik o sahitj samalochak rabindrnather gurutb osbikarao karechilen। graham grin sandigdhchitte mantabj karechilen, “iyetas saheb chara ar keui rabindrnather lekhake gurutber sangge grahan karen na।” rabindrnather sammaner kichu purno latin amerikan khandangsh samprti abishkrit hayeche। nikaraguya bhramner samay salman rushdi ei jatiy kichu udaharan dekhe obak han।

 

 

Rabindranath Tagore Biography